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Immigration Policies in Europe
The current influx of immigrants is not the first Europe has faced in recent history. But “unlike the migrations of the 1960s, which took place when there were labour shortages in western Europe, these new movements are taking place at a time when there is high unemployment in much of the latter region” (Crouch 2008: 34). After the Second World War, Europe was in need of manual laborers in order to rebuild the continent and pave the way for economic recovery. Post-war decolonization along with state-sponsored workers’ programmes contributed decisively in the inflow of immigrants. Their arrival in Europe was welcomed because of the added value they brought to the economy and because their presence was considered temporary (Chin 2017). In the 1980s, as the world entered the era of neoliberal globalization , immigration became essential in order to serve the interests of neoliberal markets and multinational corporations. Therefore, until recently, Europe welcomed immigrants in order to tackle the issue of labor shortages, to progress economically, and meet the challenges of global competition in the neoliberal era.
In 2010 Europe faced an unprecedented economic crisis that led to recession, high unemployment rates, elevated poverty, and rising inequality, which, in combination with migratory pressures, have posed significant societal challenges for the EU and its Member States. Amongst the major challenges the EU faces are “the strain on the welfare, education, and housing systems in many European countries, the worry of the native population that the newcomers could take jobs or reduce wages and the EU’s ability to integrate minorities into European culture and society” (CRS 2018, 15). Although the EU has the competence to provide support to the Member States with regard to immigrants’ integration, the primary responsibility to deal with multiculturalism, and to adopt and implement integration policies remains with the Member States.
As a result, different countries have adopted different policies to manage diversity according to their distinct historical, social, and ideological background. Each country treated multiculturalism in line with the system of governance that the state had adopted, which in turn dictated the degree of openness to cultural diversity. In Europe the most common form of state is the Nation-State, which is:
defined by a dominant group that shares a common language and culture. This type of State accepts and recognises the presence of minorities in its territory, but this tolerance never goes as far as challenging the cultural and linguistic monopoly granted to the majority. The minorities are allowed the free expression of their religion, culture and language within their private sphere, but the demonstration of particularities in the public sphere is suspected of jeopardising social cohesion and the values of the majority. (Choquet 2017, 1)
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